塔式起重機是現(xian)(xian)代建筑(zhu)施(shi)上不可或缺的起重(zhong)機械(xie)。從各級行(xing)政辦(ban)理(li)(li)部門到行(xing)業協(xie)會(hui)、辦(ban)理(li)(li)單位(wei)和用戶單位(wei)，對塔(ta)機的辦(ban)理(li)(li)和運(yun)用都在(zai)逐步標準，但現(xian)(xian)階段仍存在(zai)一些影響(xiang)塔(ta)機安全運(yun)用的問題，有待給予足夠的重(zhong)視。接下來(lai)塔(ta)機租賃就來(lai)跟大家講講在(zai)塔(ta)機安全運(yun)用中，一般容易忽略的幾個問題！

1、塔(ta)的邊坡穩定(ding)性(xing)核算

塔機需(xu)安(an)(an)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存建筑基槽邊(bian)(bian)且沒靠護坡辦(ban)法時有必(bi)(bi)要進(jin)行(xing)邊(bian)(bian)坡穩定性核算，小管安(an)(an)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在基槽上邊(bian)(bian)還(huan)是安(an)(an)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存基槽底邊(bian)(bian)。塔機設備(bei)后，施工期2月(yue)左右，在此期間假如由(you)于振蕩、雨水等原因使邊(bian)(bian)坡呈現問(wen)題必(bi)(bi)將(jiang)影響塔機運用安(an)(an)全。

2、標準節應穿插運用

塔(ta)式(shi)起重(zhong)機的那一(yi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)標(biao)準(zhun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(根底節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或加強節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)在外)受(shou)力假如長(chang)期讓同(tong)一(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在塔(ta)式(shi)起重(zhong)機內部(bu)(bu)，必定形(xing)成該標(biao)準(zhun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)過度(du)受(shou)力發生疲(pi)憊損(sun)害或損(sun)壞。正(zheng)確做法應該是：每拆裝(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)次(ci)，把(ba)其(qi)他標(biao)準(zhun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)穿(chuan)插輪番運用在下部(bu)(bu)，避免同(tong)一(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)直處(chu)塔(ta)式(shi)起重(zhong)機內部(bu)(bu)。有相關部(bu)(bu)分單(dan)位(wei)沒(mei)有注意到這一(yi)點(dian)，拆開(kai)時(shi)塔(ta)機處(chu)于拆裝(zhuang)(zhuang)角度(du)，此時(shi)套架里一(yi)般有3節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)標(biao)準(zhun)不取(qu)出來(lai)，設(she)備(bei)也照樣(yang)如此，這樣(yang)一(yi)來(lai)就呈現上述3節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)標(biao)準(zhun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)直處(chu)在塔(ta)機下部(bu)(bu)，而且順序都(dou)不會改動，久而久之必定導致事端(duan)。

3、標準節連(lian)接螺栓(shuan)及時替(ti)換(huan)

實力雄厚、正(zheng)規的(de)產(chan)權單(dan)位對此(ci)比較重(zhong)視，而一些依(yi)托掛靠謀生(sheng)的(de)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)單(dan)位呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)的(de)不標準運(yun)用比如(ru)相對較多。假(jia)如(ru)螺栓(shuan)(shuan)銹(xiu)蝕(shi)嚴峻(jun)，螺桿(gan)外(wai)表(biao)呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)銹(xiu)蝕(shi)、凹坑(keng)，沒有(you)進行替換并仍在運(yun)用，嚴峻(jun)違反(fan)強度(du)高連(lian)接(jie)(jie)螺栓(shuan)(shuan)運(yun)用要求，塔機安全系數將大打(da)折扣(kou)。通常狀(zhuang)況下(xia)，標準節(jie)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)螺栓(shuan)(shuan)都配(pei)有(you)平墊(dian)圈，然后增大連(lian)接(jie)(jie)套(tao)(tao)受(shou)力面積和保護連(lian)接(jie)(jie)套(tao)(tao)外(wai)表(biao)免受(shou)沖突(tu)損害。此(ci)平墊(dian)圈硬(ying)度(du)很高，個(ge)(ge)別拆(chai)裝人員在作業時(shi)把平墊(dian)圈任意拿掉，導(dao)致連(lian)接(jie)(jie)套(tao)(tao)外(wai)表(biao)劃傷，影(ying)響項緊(jin)力，增大連(lian)接(jie)(jie)套(tao)(tao)局部壓力而改動連(lian)接(jie)(jie)套(tao)(tao)受(shou)力均勻(yun)。

4、對零部件(jian)首(shou)要(yao)節點(dian)(dian)、焊點(dian)(dian)做要(yao)點(dian)(dian)查看

塔(ta)(ta)機(ji)結構的節點(dian)(dian)(dian)、焊(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)(dian)較多，全(quan)部查看(kan)(kan)(kan)到位(wei)的確有(you)難度且(qie)沒有(you)必要(yao)，應(ying)(ying)要(yao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)做(zuo)好塔(ta)(ta)帽連接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)、平衡臂連接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的查看(kan)(kan)(kan)。臂部件首要(yao)節點(dian)(dian)(dian)、焊(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)(dian)查看(kan)(kan)(kan)應(ying)(ying)要(yao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)放存塔(ta)(ta)機(ji)拆裝期(qi)間(jian)或維修期(qi)間(jian)，此時應(ying)(ying)仔細地(di)查看(kan)(kan)(kan)，對(dui)發(fa)現的問題能(neng)做(zuo)較為徹  底(di)地(di)處理;在運(yun)用期(qi)間(jian)做(zuo)要(yao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)抽(chou)盤與監(jian)測，盡可能(neng)避(bi)免在運(yun)用期(qi)間(jian)處理毛病導致影響用戶運(yun)用乃至呈(cheng)現經(jing)濟膠葛。

5、地線正確焊接

塔機(ji)地(di)線焊(han)接一般由運(yun)用單位組(zu)織焊(han)接工人擔任，而設(she)備產權單位和(he)運(yun)用單位均(jun)沒有對焊(han)接工人進行有針對性的安(an)全技能交底，致使塔機(ji)地(di)線焊(han)接隨意，個別狀況(kuang)乃至把地(di)線焊(han)接到塔機(ji)首(shou)要受力(li)部位，壓重根底焊(han)接到十字梁中心(xin)部位，這些(xie)狀況(kuang)都為安(an)全運(yun)用埋(mai)下危險。

6、施工工地埋地電纜(lan)存在問題

部分施工場(chang)地(di)現場(chang)的一(yi)級(ji)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)箱與一(yi)級(ji)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)筘之間、一(yi)絨配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檣與三級(ji)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)箱之間的埋(mai)(mai)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜不運用(yong)鎧(kai)裝電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，而(er)把一(yi)般(ban)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜直埋(mai)(mai)，并日在埠地(di)前(qian)不做模擬(ni)濕(shi)潤狀態絕緣查看。此種(zhong)狀況(kuang)在秋季(ji)(ji)和冬季(ji)(ji)較(jiao)為(wei)干燥氣候狀況(kuang)下塔機可(ke)以照舊運用(yong)，但在春季(ji)(ji)和復季(ji)(ji)濕(shi)潤狀況(kuang)有(you)可(ke)能導致塔機無法(fa)正常動作，行(xing)進而(er)形成(cheng)罷工或其(qi)他膠葛。

7、塔機電線電纜應及時(shi)替換

塔機電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)幾乎均存室外(wai)露(lu)天作業，風(feng)吹日曬老(lao)化(hua)較(jiao)快(kuai)，經常拆(chai)(chai)開部位(wei)和彎曲部位(wei)為(wei)明顯，老(lao)化(hua)開裂(lie)嚴峻時假如不(bu)予(yu)替換(huan)仍將就運(yun)用，每遇剛(gang)雨(yu)天就會發作漏電(dian)、觸電(dian)、掉(diao)閘等毛(mao)病。更有(you)甚者，在(zai)呈現力矩限制(zhi)器或其他安(an)全設備線路(lu)導(dao)致的(de)上述毛(mao)病時，運(yun)用單(dan)位(wei)不(bu)允許停機，此(ci)外(wai)，維修電(dian)工自行或在(zai)產(chan)權(quan)單(dan)位(wei)相(xiang)關人員(yuan)指揮下，直接把安(an)全設備線路(lu)拆(chai)(chai)掉(diao)(待非陰(yin)雨(yu)地利再(zai)恢復)，人為(wei)形成安(an)全設備失效。產(chan)權(quan)單(dan)位(wei)貌(mao)似(si)節省替換(huan)電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)本(ben)錢，實(shi)則(ze)換(huan)取了(le)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)危險。因此(ci)，塔機電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)老(lao)化(hua)影響安(an)全運(yun)用時，有(you)必要及時替換(huan)，不(bu)得迷(mi)糊。

8、吊鉤或吊物帶電

吊鉤(gou)或吊物帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，此種狀況在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)現場偶有(you)發(fa)作，這種現象(xiang)一般是(shi)(shi)塔(ta)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系統(tong)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)致(zhi)，由于(yu)一旦塔(ta)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系統(tong)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，與之(zhi)相關的(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器會(hui)動作。形(xing)成摘鈞(jun)人員觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)首要有(you)兩種原因：一是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)焊(han)作業時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)焊(han)機(ji)地線(裸露部(bu)分)不經意問與塔(ta)機(ji)結線搭在(zai)起，使塔(ta)機(ji)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);一是(shi)(shi)塔(ta)機(ji)地線未做或做得不符合(he)要求，塔(ta)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)下端的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)零(ling)線未接，這樣在(zai)塔(ta)機(ji)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時保(bao)(bao)護(hu)零(ling)線會(hui)斷(duan)，發(fa)生感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

9、外委塔司、電工包塔現象

小規模塔(ta)機(ji)產權(quan)單(dan)位(wei)或個體掛靠單(dan)位(wei)過(guo)度(du)考慮本錢(qian)，再加上塔(ta)機(ji)司(si)(si)(si)機(ji)和電工較為緊缺，呈現(xian)(xian)外(wai)委(wei)塔(ta)司(si)(si)(si)、電工包(bao)塔(ta)現(xian)(xian)象，對(dui)塔(ta)機(ji)安全運(yun)用發生較大危險。上述(shu)塔(ta)司(si)(si)(si)與電工一(yi)般流動性(xing)較大，不方便辦理;作業(ye)水平良莠不齊(qi)，責任心相對(dui)較差，有時身(shen)兼數塔(ta)或一(yi)人接連作業(ye)，極易發作操勞作業(ye)現(xian)(xian)象。塔(ta)機(ji)的安全運(yun)用和安全辦理是動態(tai)的，長期(qi)的，不能急功(gong)近利，產權(quan)單(dan)位(wei)應自己培養塔(ta)司(si)(si)(si)和電工，根(gen)絕外(wai)委(wei)塔(ta)司(si)(si)(si)、電工包(bao)塔(ta)。

10、應設(she)備超速保(bao)護設(she)備

在塔(ta)機(ji)(ji)運用(yong)過程(cheng)中，由于電氣或機(ji)(ji)械原(yuan)因可能會形(xing)成接觸器粘連、渦流制動(dong)勵(li)磁(ci)電址缺失等，然后(hou)讓起升機(ji)(ji)構超速(su)運行，直接要挾(xie)到人身和設(she)(she)備安全，假(jia)如設(she)(she)備有超速(su)保護設(she)(she)備，一旦呈現超速(su)，制動(dong)設(she)(she)備自動(dong)上閘，提(ti)高塔(ta)機(ji)(ji)安全功能。